The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter One

Elena ventured into the clearing. Underneath her feet wears out of harvest time leaves were freezing into the slush. Nightfall had fallen, and in spite of the fact that the tempest was decreasing the forested areas were getting colder. Elena didn't feel the virus. Neither did she mind the dim. Her understudies opened wide, getting together small particles of light that would have been imperceptible to a human. She could see the two figures battling underneath the extraordinary oak tree plainly. One had thick dim hair, which the breeze had beaten into a tumbled ocean of waves. He was somewhat taller than the other, and in spite of the fact that Elena couldn't see his face she some way or another realized his eyes were green. The other had a stun of dull hair too, however his was fine and straight, practically like the pelt of a creature. His lips were moved back from his teeth in fierceness, and the relaxing effortlessness of his body was assembled into a predator's hunch. His eyes were dark. Elena watched them for a few minutes without moving. She'd overlooked why she had come here, for what reason she'd been pulled here by the echoes of their fight in her brain. This nearby the fuss of their displeasure and scorn and agony was practically stunning, as quiet yells originating from the warriors. They were secured a passing match. I wonder which of them will win, she thought. They were both injured and dying, and the taller one's left arm hung at an unnatural point. All things considered, he had quite recently hammered the other against the contorted trunk of an oak tree. His anger was solid to such an extent that Elena could feel and taste it just as hear it, and she realized it was invigorating him unimaginable. And afterward Elena recalled why she had come. How might she have overlooked? He was harmed. His brain had gathered her here, battering her with stun influxes of fury and torment. She had come to help him since she had a place with him. The two figures were down on the cold ground presently, correcting like wolves, growling. Quickly and quietly Elena went to them. The one with the wavy hair and green eyes-Stefan, a voice in her brain murmured was on top, fingers scrabbling at the other's throat. Outrage washed through Elena, outrage and defense. She came to among them to get that stifling hand, to pry the fingers up. It didn't happen to her that she shouldn't be sufficiently able. She was sufficient; that was all. She tossed her weight to the side, tweaking her hostage away from his rival. For good measure, she weighed down hard on his injured arm, thumping him level all over in the leaf-tossed slush. At that point she started to stifle him from behind. Her assault had shocked him, yet he was a long way from beaten. He struck back at her, his great hand bungling for her throat. His thumb delved into her windpipe. Her assault had shocked him, yet he was a long way from beaten. He struck back at her, his great hand bungling for her throat. His thumb delved into her windpipe. Yet, he was more grounded than she was. With a snap of his shoulders, he broke her hang on him and turned in her grip, tossing her down. And afterward he was over her, his face twisted with creature anger. She murmured at him and went for his eyes with her nails, yet he thumped her hand away. He was going to murder her. Indeed, even injured, he was by a long shot the more grounded. His lips had stepped back to go on the defensive previously recolored with red. Like a cobra, he was prepared to strike. At that point he quit, floating over her, his face evolving. Elena saw the green eyes extend. The students, which had been contracted to awful spots, sprang open. He was gazing down at her as though really observing her just because. For what reason would he say he was taking a gander at her that way? For what reason didn't he simply get it over with? Yet, presently the iron hand on her shoulder was discharging her. The creature growl had vanished, supplanted by a look of bewilderment and miracle. He sat back, helping her to sit up, at the same time looking into her face. â€Å"Elena,† he murmured. His voice was split. â€Å"Elena, it's you.† Is that who I am? she thought. Elena? It didn't generally make a difference. She cast a look toward the old oak tree. He was still there, remaining between the upthrust roots, gasping, supporting himself against it with one hand. He was taking a gander at her with his unendingly bruised eyes, his foreheads attracted together a glare. Try not to stress, she thought. I can deal with this one. He's idiotic. At that point she flung herself on the green-looked at one once more. â€Å"Elena!† he cried as she thumped him in reverse. His great hand pushed at her shoulder, holding her up. â€Å"Elena, it's me, Stefan! Elena, take a gander at me!† She was looking. Everything she could see was the uncovered fix of skin at his neck. She murmured once more, upper lip moving back, getting defensive. He solidified. She felt the stun resound through his body, saw his look break. His face went as white as though somebody had struck him a blow in the stomach. He shook his head marginally on the sloppy ground. â€Å"No,† he murmured. â€Å"Oh, no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was by all accounts saying it to himself, as though he didn't anticipate that her should hear him. He arrived at a hand toward her cheek, and she spoke harshly to it. â€Å"Oh, Elena†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he murmured. The last hints of rage, of creature bloodlust, had vanished from his face. His eyes were bewildered and blasted and lamenting. The last hints of rage, of creature bloodlust, had vanished from his face. His eyes were bewildered and blasted and lamenting. He gazed at her a second, the agony in his eyes arriving at a pinnacle, and afterward he basically surrendered. He quit battling totally. She could feel it occur, feel the opposition leave his body. He lay on the frigid ground with pieces of oak leaves in his hair, gazing up past her at the dark and obfuscated sky. Finish it, his exhausted voice said in her psyche. Elena wavered for a moment. There was something in particular about those eyes that called up recollections inside her. Remaining in the evening glow, sitting in a storage room room†¦ But the recollections were excessively ambiguous. She was unable to get a grip on them, and the exertion made her mixed up and wiped out. Also, this one needed to bite the dust, this green-looked at one called Stefan. Since he'd hurt him, the other one, the one Elena had been destined to be with. Nobody could hurt him and live. She cinched her teeth into his throat and bit profound. She understood immediately that she wasn't doing it very right. She hadn't hit a conduit or vein. She stressed at the throat, irate at her own inability. It felt great to nibble something, yet very little blood was coming. Baffled, she lifted up and bit once more, feeling his body snap in torment. Much better. She'd found a vein this time, yet she hadn't torn it profoundly enough. A little scratch like that wouldn't do. What she required was to tear it directly over, to let the rich hot circulation system out. Her casualty shivered as she attempted to do this, teeth raking and biting. She was simply feeling the tissue give way when hands pulled at her, lifting her from behind. Elena growled without relinquishing the throat. The hands were stubborn however. An arm circled about her midsection, fingers twined in her hair. She battled, sticking with teeth and nails to her prey. Relinquish him. Leave him! The voice was sharp and ordering, similar to an impact from a virus wind. Elena remembered it and quit battling with the hands that pulled her away. As they stored her on the ground and she admired see him, a name came into her brain. Damon. His name was Damon. She gazed at him gloomily, angry of being yanked away from her slaughter, yet faithful. Stefan was sitting up, his neck red with blood. It was running onto his shirt. Elena licked her lips, feeling a pulse like a craving for food that appeared to originate from each fiber of her being. She was bleary eyed once more. â€Å"I thought,† Damon said so anyone might hear, â€Å"that you said she was dead.† He was taking a gander at Stefan, who was significantly paler than previously, if that was conceivable. That white face loaded up with boundless misery. â€Å"Look at her† was all he said. A hand measured Elena's jaw, inclining her face up. She met Damon's limited dull eyes straightforwardly. At that point long, thin fingers contacted her lips, examining between them. Naturally Elena attempted to nibble, however not hard. Damon's finger found the sharp bend of a canine tooth, and Elena bit presently, giving it a touch like a kitten's. Damon's face was passive, his eyes hard. â€Å"Do you know where you are?† he said. Elena looked around. Trees. â€Å"In the woods,† she said cunningly, glancing back at him. â€Å"And who is that?† She followed his pointing finger. â€Å"Stefan,† she said apathetically. â€Å"Your brother.† â€Å"And who am I? Do you know who I am?† She grinned up at him, going on the defensive. â€Å"Of course I do. You're Damon, and I love you.†

Models of Personality and Effect in Organisations

Models of Personality and Effect in Organizations Saarthak Sankalp File Theme (Jump to) Character Character Models Foreseeing Personality with Social Behavior Significance of Corporate Brand Personality Traits Job of Personality factors in Coping with Organizational Change Difficulties and Concerns with Personality Assessment in Indian Context End Book reference Character The work character is gotten from the Latin word persona, which was utilized to portray the various jobs or camouflages performed by dramatic entertainers. Character can be characterized as an individual’s novel trademark examples of contemplations, emotions and practices. Gordon Allport characterized character as †â€Å"the dynamic association inside the person of those psychophysical frameworks that decide his one of a kind changes in accordance with his environment.† Character Models Numerous models have been given by different scientists to examine the character. The most recent character models are as per the following :- Myers-Briggs Type Index (MBTI) The MBTI is a character perfect dependent on Jung’s hypothesis of mental sorts created by Briggs and Myers and comprises of four components of inclinations which are as per the following:- Extroversion (E) versus Introversion (I). This measurement gives a knowledge about the direction of the person. Outgoing people are supposed to be more worried about the functional real factors than with the inward musings. Contemplative people, however, look more into the internal identity and are pre-busy with their own musings. Detecting (S) versus Intuition (N). People who have all the more detecting measurement depend more on that can be watched and are viewed as twisted towards what is genuine. People having progressively natural measurement depend extra on their non-target and oblivious perceptual procedures. Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F). An inclination for intuition demonstrates the individual uses a greater amount of rationale and sound techniques to settle on choices and activity. Individuals having additionally feeling measurement gave increasingly passionate answers to occasions and offer inclination to set up emotional procedures. Judgment (J) versus Perception (P). The judgment-recognition inclinations were created to show if discerning or unreasonable decisions are prevailing after an individual is connecting with nature. In dynamic the critical individual uses both the reasoning and feeling, while the detecting and instinct procedures are utilized by the discernment individuals. The Big Five Personality Model The Big Five is the normally utilized term for the model of character which depicts the five crucial variables of our character. It was characterized freely by numerous analysts dependent on the factor-examinations of the character characteristics. The five attributes are generally alluded as OCEAN. The five character attributes are as per the following:- Receptiveness to Experience: It is the receptiveness to creative thoughts, new encounters, interest, experience, gratefulness for feelings and craftsmanship. Honesty: Tendency to be facilitated and trustworthy, show self-restraint, focus for achievement, acts obediently and doesn't incline toward unconstrained conduct. Extraversion: Affirmative feelings, amiability, emphaticness, vitality, garrulity and the inclination to seek after incitement. Pleasantness: Traits of an individual who is obliging and humane instead of questionable and hostile towards others. It is also a proportion of one’s supportive and confiding in nature, and whether the individual is without a care in the world. Neuroticism: It alludes to the level of passionate strength and drive control in an individual. The attributes to effectively yield to outrage, uneasiness or sorrow. Score on all the five variables are utilized to portray a person’s character Kolbe Conative Index (KCI) KCI is viewed as a character model which is not quite the same as MBTI and FIRO-B as it estimates intuitive practices of a person that show up while that he/she attempts to accomplish objectives. The KCI arranges the natural practices into four classifications: testing, designing, enhancing and illustrating. Every class has its comparing ‘Action Mode’ which are as per the following: Certainty Finder (FF): Probing instinctual conduct is given by this activity mode. This mode is identified with the data gathering. Reality discoverers are worried about systems, research and subtleties. They set up needs for settling on choice by gathering and breaking down information. Finish (FT): Patterning natural conduct is given by this activity mode. This mode is identified with structure. Individuals constrained by FT look for structure, and plan and plans for advance. They respond in a consecutive way. Fast Start (QS): Innovating intuitive conduct is given by this activity mode. This mode is identified with the best approach to manage hazard and vulnerability. Fast starters start changes, face challenge, and they are imaginative. Practitioner (IMP): Demonstrating instinctual conduct is given by this activity mode. This activity mode is identified with the best approach to deal with space and physical assets. Individuals having this activity mode are acceptable at utilizing space and materials, create develops, and effectively use hand on gear. Kolbe Action Modes Principal Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) Schutz built up the FIRO-B character model. The force of the relational needs of consideration (I), control (C), and love (An) are estimated by this model. The individual’s social need of communication and belongingness is characterized as Inclusion. The requirement for force and impact is characterized as Control, and can be identified with initiative. The requirement for closeness and kinship is characterized as Affection. How much every one of these three needs can be depicted into 2 components of communicated (e) or needed (w). How much one acts in that manner toward others is characterized as communicated while how much one likes others to act as such toward oneself is portrayed as needed. The FIRO-B model can be clarified by the connection of communicated and needed measurements with the three relational needs, bringing about six classes of relational needs as depicted in the figure underneath. Every class is estimated with a 10 point scale (0-9). FIRO-B Model Most recent looks into identified with Personality The most recent looks into identified with characters are as per the following:- Foreseeing character with social conduct Character is an attribute which impacts the conduct of an individual with others. Social conduct can give us a decent understanding about the character of a person as they carry on exhibit a standardizing (or typical) conduct in social communications. To comprehend this inside the extent of a social conduct, we think about the activities in the accompanying principle gatherings:- Nextwork Bandwidth (NET): The dynamic inclusion in the informal communities, the time spent there and movement conveyance (uniform or bursty). Message Content (MSG): The assortment and measure of messages they are sending, regardless of whether they are the connections or URLs of sites or the sent messages and so on. Pair Behavior (PAIR): How they carry on with their companions and family members, the factual proportions of standard deviations and normal of different activities across various devotees and companions. Correspondence of activities (REC): Levels to which there activities are responded by their companions. Instruction (INF): Information that could be picked up from the conduct with the companions, regardless of whether there is same sort of conduct with each companion or whether a few companions are preferred over others in explicit activities. Homophily (HOM): All the past highlights processed for the person’s companion to comprehend her group of friends. Significance of Corporate brand character qualities Corporate brands make a specific picture in the psyches of the clients and different constituents which can help the corporate to separate their image from others. Various variables will be liable for the corporate picture like the items an organization makes, the moves it makes, and the way where it imparts to purchasers. Another significant segment of corporate picture is the corporate brand character. 60 US brands have been inspected and are found to fell into the accompanying five fundamental bunches, â€Å"(1) Sincerity, (2) Excitement, (3) Competence, (4) Sophistication and (5) Ruggedness. Corporate Personality Traits Corporate brand character is characterized as how client sees a specific brand †characterstics of shoppers who are utilizing it. It tends to be viewed as a methods for the client to communicate what they truly expect or need. Corporate brand character is increasingly about the view of workers †both the client confronting and the senior administration as they establish the entire association. It mirrors the activities and estimations of the considerable number of representatives of the association. Corporate brand character of a 21st century business can be assembled into three measurements which are as per the following:- Heart †It comprises of two qualities: sympathetic and enthusiastic. Psyche †It comprises of two characteristics: Creative and restrained. Body †It comprises of two qualities: Agile and community oriented. Job of Personality factors in adapting to authoritative change Concerning the examination paper composed by R. Ravi Kumar, change is inescapable to any association. Both outer and interior components can achieve changes to an association. The workplace is influenced to a huge degree by outside factor, for example, changing assumptions regarding quality, consumer loyalty and new work power socioeconomics. It is additionally influenced by the inside elements, for example, the mergers and acquisitions, budgetary limitations and the need to improve profitability. Character assumes a significant job in the activity execution of a person when changes in an association occur. The character factors which influence the presentation are as per the following:- Segment

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team Its a fresh battle every day to find the motivation to get through my to do list. But motivating your team is an entirely different challenge. Its not always as simple as cracking the whip or offering a cash bonus, either. Understanding how people respond to different types of motivation can help us be better leaders and increase the productivity of our teams. It can just take a little science to figure out what works best and which strategies to use to motivate your team. 1. Show Appreciation This first approach sounds simple, but it can make a big difference. In a survey of 2,000 working Americans, 81 percent said theyd work harder for an appreciative boss. 70 percent also said theyd feel better about themselves and their work if their boss showed appreciation more often. For a simple thanks, thats quite a good returnâ€"even if it only leads to a small increase in productivity, its worth the effort. According to Wharton professor Adam Grant, A sense of appreciation is the single most sustainable motivator at work. Grant says appreciation differs from motivators like cash bonuses or promotions, which we quickly adjust to, because the sense that other people appreciate what you do sticks with you. A review of over fifty studies from the London School of Economics in 2011 backs up the benefits of showing appreciation for your team. The review found people put in more effort at work when they feel appreciated. Another example of this effect at work comes from behavioral economist Dan Ariely, who conducted an experiment on motivation at an Intel factory in Israel. The study split employees into groups and told each group theyd receive a different reward for completing all their work each day. One group would receive a small cash bonus, another would receive a voucher for free pizza, and a third would receive a compliment from the boss. On the first day, the pizza group was most productive, with the compliment group a close second. The cash bonus group had a small bump in productivity compared to the control group (who received no bonus reward) but was far behind the pizza and compliment conditions. And on the second day of the study, the cash bonus group actually performed worse than those employees not receiving any reward. As the week finished up, productivity leveled out across all three conditions, but compliments ended up as the best option for boosting the workers performance. This study points out how little money can motivate us, and how, in fact, it can even harm our motivation. But another study showed that when we dont feel our work is appreciated, we tend to expect more money as compensation for the same work. So take some time to say thank you to your team members today. That quick act could save you money and increase productivity. Discover team productivity 2. Show Your Team the Fruits of Their Labor Research shows we like to see the outcome of our efforts. An example comes from a study that asked participants to build Lego models, paying a small sum per model that decreased for each one the participants completed. For some participants, the models were immediately disassembled by the researchers. For the rest, their models were kept under the table to be disassembled at the end of the experiment. The team whose work was kept until they were done completed an average of eleven Lego models before quitting, while those whose models were immediately disassembled only managed seven. Even though both groups of participants knew their work would ultimately be destroyed, seeing the fruits of their labor was enough to encourage participants to keep working for longer. A less tangible example comes from a study of a fundraising call center at the University of Michigan. Call center workers were visited by students who had benefited from the centers efforts, for a ten-minute chat. A month later researchers found that those workers whod been spoken to by students were spending 142 percent longer on the phone, and overall the centers income had increased by 171 percent. Even if your team isnt creating something tangible like Lego models, there are ways you can show them the outcomes theyre contributing to. Seeing how their efforts lead to a meaningful result could motivate your team to work harder. 3. Motivate Your Team by Putting Something at Stake We like to get new things, but we hate losing things even more. This principle is called loss aversion. Were so averse to loss that well go a long way to avoid it. Vassilis Dalakas, professor of marketing at California State University San Marcos tested how loss aversion could be used to increase his students motivation to study. He taught the same consumer behavior class twice, with the same material, and introduced optional pop quizzes throughout the class in both cases. The quizzes were worth one point if they were passed, and any student with five points at the end of the class could skip the final exam. The only difference between the two classes was the rule around the final exam. In the first class the exam was required, but students could earn the right to opt out by gaining five points from the quizzes. In the second class the exam was optional from the start but students could lose the right to opt out by not gaining five points. Guess which class passed more quizzes? In class one 43 percent of students earned five points by the end of the class. In class two it was 82 percentâ€"almost double. The reason is simply loss aversion. We hate to lose things that we feel belong to us. Its so upsetting that well work harder to maintain our ownership over those things rather than suffer the loss. The students in the second class believed they owned the right to skip the exam and didnt want to have it taken away, so they were more likely to study hard and pass the quizzes. The good news is even small losses work better as motivators than rewards. As we saw in the study above, it’s simply a matter of framing that changes how much we’re motivated to work hard. So you might offer your team the chance to earn an afternoon off by hitting their weekly goals. Or you could promise them an afternoon off every week unless they don’t hit their weekly goals. The outcome is the same, but the framing is different. It seems we care more about not losing something that’s already been promised to us than we do about earning something new. You can combine the various suggestions I’ve explored here to motivate your team. Show your team the fruits of their labor and remember to offer your appreciation for their work, but also try putting something at stake now and then. Each of these approaches has been shown to increase motivation, but together theyre sure to work even better. Teamwork made simple Discover MeisterTask Discover MeisterTask

The Effects Of Child Abuse On Children - 1841 Words

Looking at another Side of Child Abuse The Different Processes Child abuse is a topic that mostly everyone knows or is at least familiar with. It is an inexcusable action that is unforgivable, it can do detrimental damage that may be irreversible. Many see it only as the story that is told, but they do not see the effects it could have and the journey the children and families go through to change or have control of the situation. Children are the main victims of abuse but their families and peers also get affected by this unjustifiable act. Through the fearful situation they have experienced, they can develop physiological problem, go through the court system, but one thing they need the most throughout their journey is support, and their families and peers can also seek it to prevent future situations to develop. This topic is important to me because I’ve seen how abuse can affect children when they do not have the support or stable relationships. It is a scary position to be in because they are vulnerable and are being manipulated. Most of these children think it is normal to be humiliated or be kicked around because they do not know what normalcy is, some see it as just a type of punishment but it has gone too far and they do not know it. Knowing the process these children and families go through, gives us a platform to become advocates for them, for the ones that are afraid to speak up or are not able to. What is Child Abuse? Child abuse can be in any form such asShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm childr en (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse Is An Effect On Children1657 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2010 according to the census bureau there were 74,100,000 U.S children between the ages of 0-1 7 being abused and 3.3 million referrals. This effected on average 1-10 U.S families and children, there were more than 32,200,000 U.S families with children under the age of 18 according to the 2010 census bureau. From the 3.3 million hotline calls in 2010 there were less than 475,000 sustained cases (2010 NCANDS: 436,321 sustained +24,976 indicated = 461,297 total) resulting in about 15% of hotlineRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1317 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse has long been an ongoing social problem; this abuse has been one of the repeatedly difficult accusations to prove in our criminal justice system. Child abuse causes many years of suffering for victims. Children abused suffer from chemical imbalances, behavioral issues and are at high risk for becoming abusers or being abused in adult relationships. This cycle of learned behavior and suffering will be a hopeless reoccurring problem unless the criminal justice system and protocols for abusersRead MoreChi ld Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. Finally, there are varying opinions as to its definition and classification, as well as the consequences of child abuse may have and its subsequent therapeuticRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1263 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse is any behavior which, by action or omission, produces physical or psychological damage to a person less than 18 years, affecting the development of his personality. In homes, it is believed that the most effective way to educate children is using the abuse. This form of punishment it used as an instrument of correction and moral training strategy as it is the first and most persistent justification of damage and maltreated mothers parents inflict on their children. SocietyRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1160 Words   |  5 PagesMost parents and other caregivers do not intend to hurt their children, but abuse is defined by the effect on the child, not the motivation of the parents or caregiver. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behavior is, the more unimaginable it seems. ButRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1227 Words   |  5 Pagesreports of child abuse are made involving more than 6 million children. The United States has one of the worst records of child abuse losing 4-7 children a day to the abuse. Abuse is when any behavior or action that is used to scare, harm, threaten, control or intimidate another person. Child abuse is a behavior outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. There are four main types of child abuse; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, andRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States is

International Business Chapter 1-4 - 2294 Words

Chapter 01 Globalization and International Linkages 1. To qualify as a multinational corporation, a firm must meet all of the following criteria except: A. Operations in more than one country B. International sales C. A nationality mix of managers and owners D. Sales of at least one million dollars per year 2. Antiglobalization activists: A. Contend that even within the developing world, it is protectionist policies, not trade and investment liberalization, that result in environmental and social damage B. Believe globalization will force higher-polluting countries such as China and Russia into an integrated global community that takes responsible measures to protect the environment C. Assert that if corporations are free†¦show more content†¦Assumptions about the Japanese workforce have turned out to be more myth than reality and some of the former strengths have become weaknesses in the new economy D. Japan s consensus decision making system turns out to be very efficient and effective in the new speed-based economy 10. Identify the statement false of China s economic condition. A. China s GDP has remained strong, maintaining at least 8 percent growth and surpassing 10 percent in 2006 B. In the first quarter of 2007, China s GDP grew at a blistering 11.1 percent causing some concerns that the Chinese government has been unable to tap the breaks on this rapid growth C. Trade relations between China and developed countries and regions, such as the United States and the EU, are lax D. Massive savings glut in the corporate sector, the globalization of manufacturing networks are major challenges faced by China Chapter 02 The Political, Legal and Technological Environment 1. Aristotle and David Hume contributed to the principle of: A. Socialism B. Collectivism C. Individualism D. Communism 2. According to the text, _____ relations are the cornerstone of a united Europe. A. Franco-German B. British-Franco C. Spanish-French D. German-British 3. Governmental power in a democracy is limited by: A. The accountability of the elected representatives to the general public B.Show MoreRelatedBusiness 115 Final Exam Study Guide Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pageseach essay question should answer the question completely and average 2 – 3 paragraphs in length. The exam reflects the following course objectives and possible topics: TCO 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 Weeks 1, 2, 4 and 5 Given a description of a typical business, demonstrate how that business acts within our economic system to achieve its goals as well as those of society, along with an understanding of how the future may impact these goals. * Understand theRead MoreBUSN115 Final Exam Study Guide1656 Words   |  7 Pagespoints and 1 worth 10 points. Be sure to save and save often while you are working on the exam, and submit the exam when you are finished. To earn full credit your response to each essay question should answer the question completely and average 2 – 3 paragraphs in length. The exam reflects the following course objectives and possible topics: TCO 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 Weeks 1, 2, 4 and 5 Given a description of a typical business, demonstrate how that business actsRead MoreHp Value Chain Analysis1389 Words   |  6 Pagesmtsu.edu/telsconteligibility.htm, or contact the Financial Aid Office at 898-2830. Jennings A. Jones College of Business Mission The Jennings A. Jones College of Business seeks to provide the intellectual foundation for our students life-long learning and success. Drawing students extensively from the regional population with an increasing emphasis on national and international diversity, Jones College utilizes traditional and technology-based pedagogies to create a positive teaching/learningRead MoreDirect Study 5 Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 4. 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Their respective weights are as follows: 1. Class Participation* 10% 2. Simulation** Company Performance 20% Shareholder’s Meeting and Annual Report 10% 3. Comp-XM ® Balanced Scorecard 10% Board Queries 5% 4. Comp-XM ® Executive Summary 5% ------------------------------------------------- 5. Two Examinations (20 percent each) 40% TOTALRead MoreMarketing Analysis : E Marketing Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesChapter one: Introduction 1.1 Overview Due to high competition in today’s business, firms under pressure to explore new technology that can address competitive issues (El-Gohary, 2009, p.1). Increasing the numbers of internet users than ever have forced decision makers to change their ways to stay live in market. Recently, e-Marketing (EM) has been used by different companies to advertise their services and products (Mokhtar, 2015, p.1). e-Marketing means offering services and products using electronic

Benito Cereno and American Characteristic Free Essays

19th Century Literature Prof. Bland Typical American Character â€Å"Benito Cereno† is a work that exceedingly depicts how ideological self-delusion of an American character is one of the most dangerous capacities of mankind. Captain Delano a Yankee from â€Å"Duxbury Massachusetts† exemplifies these two American cultures of concerning nature and confidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Benito Cereno and American Characteristic or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Americans we have concerned and helped other less fortunate (i. e. the amount we donate to help third world countries), we are also confident and fearless in nature that we can accomplish anything (i. e. American dream). These traditional American characteristics I believe forms the American arrogance that we are stereotyped to have. We maybe helping others we have no business helping. Just like the American culture Delano truly believes he is doing the right thing, by showing concern and having confidence in being able to help the San Dominick slave-ship and he is incapable of seeing the horrifying consequences of his actions both with respect to his â€Å"friendly racism† and his fantasy of â€Å"superiority†. He spends a day on the  San Dominick  following a slave mutiny, never quite aware that anything is wrong until the truth all but bites his head off. Delano subscribes to a typical â€Å"Northern† view of African slaves: he considers them to be naturally good-natured, submissive servants. He spends much of his time aboard the  San Dominick  condescendingly admiring Babo’s performance. Melville critiques this naivete arrogance of superiority and friendly racism to which although these characteristic are positive if not careful, can be a barrier that blinds a person from seeing the actual situation. â€Å"None wore fetters, because the owner, his friend Aranda, told him that they were all tractable† (BC 224) As Delano first boards Benito’s ship, the slaves are still unfettered. The ship seems unreal; these strange costumes, gestures, and faces, but a shadowy tableau just emerged from the deep, which directly must receive back what it gave† (BC). This â€Å"shadowy tableau,† on the ship inhabited mostly by unregulated African slaves, roaming around freely is there for Captain Delano to dev elop his own understanding as to why this ship culture is the way it is. Having the traditional American character of concern, Delano in nature is concerned about the ship and his intention of genuinely helping the troubled captain Benito Cereno becomes a curtain that prevents him from seeing the real intentions of the slaves. Symbols that have previously been formed and encoded by the American culture and upbringing in the back of his mind; Delano’s â€Å"trustful good nature† makes him accept the image of the faithful slaves in his understanding of the unknown Africans slaves on the ship. With this idea of faithful slaves, confronted with a genuine signs and warning; the frail captain Benito Cereno, the vigilant Babo, chained Atufal, the oakum-pickers and hatchet-polishers, the flaring moments of violence and unease—he is not capable of understanding and arranging them accurately or truthfully. This trustful and concerned nature of Americans is one of the characters Captain Delano represents. That an American upbringing create a perception even today that we, as a country, had a right to go around the world helping other struggling nations who were beset by tyrants or internal fighting with the attendant killing and raping of the populace. This trusting and concerned nature makes us delusional preventing us from seeing the facts that maybe these country America is helping does not want our help. The same goes for captain Delano his trustful nature creates a delusion of â€Å"faithful and harmless slaves† that helping this slave ship and its current condition of unfettered slaves is a result of the poor management of Captain Delano’s lesser Hispanic counter Captain Benito Cereno therefore his is obliged to help to get it under control. This concerning nature blinds Captain Delano from seeing the truth. Before even making contact with the blacks on the ship, Delano readily stresses their good-natured and pristine qualities. These â€Å"unsophisticated Africans,† with their â€Å"self-content† and â€Å"peculiar love . . . of uniting industry with pastime,† (BC) bring out Delano’s â€Å"weakness for negroes. † In his understanding of them, they are a mixture of docility and nobility. Delano feels confident as he sees â€Å"the affectionate zeal† and â€Å"good conduct† (BC) As this book reveals, Delano alternates between his images of the Africans as an innocent faithful slaves, he completely misinterprets the slave revolt and totally neglects the blacks’ inner motivations. While revealing how Delano adapts these ideological images of the black man to fit his own understanding. This confidence from his own American upbringing and staying in his own paradigm of slaves being kind in nature, and are submissive servants make Captain Delano a benign racist. He does not express hate for the black people; he likes them. But his fondness of them shows in a characteristic of overconfidence or arrogance, in which that he is confident in his own knowledge that the slaves are obedient creatures, incapable of harm and completely demeaning the black slaves. He considers Babo, for instance, to be a childish slave of limited intelligence. In Delano’s understanding, the faithful blacks are closer to animal nature than the white man is. Delano’s dialogue continuously dehumanizes the slaves by attaching animal imagery to them. First, as the narrator mentions, â€Å"Delano took to negroes, not philanthropically, but genially, just as other men to Newfoundland dogs† (BC). When Babo looks up at Don Benito, he is â€Å"like a shepherd’s dog,† (BC) whose grins denote â€Å"mere animal humor† (BC). These references and comparison to animals of the slaves becomes not to decline them as human, but instead to acknowledge them within the white community in their position as docile servants, the image of the dog, domesticated animal, is significant in this context. At the same time, their animal reference accounts for their inability for being totally free. This show of confidence and trust completely blinds Captain Delano from the truth and maybe be seen by the majority as a weakness but this ignorance ultimately helped him from the slave revolt. Delano’s trustfulness and perception that all the blacks are docile and faithful slaves and are good nature saves their lives. Delano’s ignorance prevents him from discovering the truth, which would almost certainly lead him to a untimely demise. Cereno conveys his surprise that Babo refrained from murdering Delano,   Cereno conveys his surprise that Babo refrains from murdering Delano, â€Å"to think of some things you did – those smilings and chattings,  rash  pointings and gesturings. For less than these, they slew my mate† (BC) This reinforces the fact that if Delano makes any indication of recognizing the truth, he would have been killed on the spot. Delano’s confident, arrogant and absolutely insulting demeanor and perception of slaves being too stupid to be able to formulate a revolt ultimately saves him and Benito Cereno. If Delano is not so unaware of the events encircling him and exhibits a little more suspicion, Babo would certainly have him executed. This confidence that conveys a typical American characteristic is also part of Captain Delano’s. This confidence created a barrier that prevented him from once again seeing the truth in the situation. An arrogant demeanor that he underestimates his adversary, in which nine out of ten will completely destroy you but in this particular story turned out to be an advantage. Captain Delano’s overconfidence in his own â€Å"limited† knowledge and upbringing and from his own experiences growing up, and perhaps his interaction with the black community, he views them as a lesser being forming an idea of himself as a superior or idea of white supremacy that completely limits his understanding and cannot read the gravity of the situation. This overconfidence in his understanding became ignorance and although I believed it helped him from getting killed on the ship by Babo and the slaves, is the same overconfidence that can potentially be deadly. With the revelation of the slave revolt, we should realize that one of the main reasons Delano has been incapable of seeing through the masquerade has been his benign racism, in which that he see’s the slaves as harmless and too stupid to come up with such an idea. Delano’s racism can be understood most directly it seems to be a reflection of his upbringing in a somewhat liberal Northern racism that practice anti-slavery views (it’s important to remember Delano is from Massachusetts, a hotbed of anti-slavery activity during the period). The story suggests that Delano, like others who viewed slaves sympathetically, may have a weak recognition of the horrors of slavery and may consider himself the slaves’ friend, but such feelings depend on viewing himself as superior to the slaves and to the slaves staying in their appointed position of submission. In conclusion while Delano finds blacks utterly charming and â€Å"fun-loving,† fond of bright colors and of â€Å"uniting industry with pastime,† this â€Å"admiration† masks his deep-seated conviction that blacks are not entirely human. In fact, when in the midst of trying to understand the odd occurrences on the San Dominick, it briefly occurs to Delano that Cereno might be in league with the blacks, he dismisses the thought with a shudder: â€Å"who ever heard of a white so far a renegade as to apostatize from his very species almost, by leaguing in against it with Negroes? † (BC). This proves once again his overconfidence in his understanding limiting him from seeing the big picture that the slaves are controlling the situation. He can never imagine that the slaves are the one who thought up the grandiose plan, that he thinks Captain Cereno is orchestrating something gainst his kin. He fails to discern that the Spanish vessel is in fact in the hold of a complex, meticulously plotted mutiny, that the slaves have successfully revolted, and that the dutiful Babo is in fact the revolutionary in command. Delano’s trusting and overconfidence in this regard is very nearly fatal, and in a way that the text explains, and that critics have frequently described, it is his concerning, unselfconscious, absolutely stubborn ideology of slaves and creates a benign racism—his offhand white supremacism—that drives and sustains this ignorance. Despite his several moments of deep suspicion, is his unmoved confidence that a slave like Babo, so naturally docile, so ideally suited to those watchful and pleasant â€Å"avocations about one’s person,† could never surpass the â€Å"unaspiring contentment of a limited mind† common to all Africans (BC). The blacks in league with a piratical Cereno? â€Å"But they were too stupid,† Delano reminds himself (BC). Believing this, he cannot see what’s before him, because of his paradigm and views of the slaves in a northern upbringing of being sympathetically to the slaves, He is incapable of imagining the black slaves in any but a passive role of devoted and faithful servants, docile and incapable of harming their white superiors, This overconfidence is ultimately ignorance that Delano cannot perceive the true situation on the San Dominick. Works Cited Page Melville, Herman, and Herman Melville. Bartleby ; And, Benito Cereno. New York: Dover Publications, 1990. Print. How to cite Benito Cereno and American Characteristic, Essay examples

The Pros and Cons of Managed Mental Health Care Essay Example For Students

The Pros and Cons of Managed Mental Health Care Essay Abstract This paper will discuss the different effects managed care has on the quality of mental health care for its clients. On the positive, managed care has increased availability to a cliental that would otherwise not be able to afford mental health care. On the negative, there has been a reduction in quality in order for managed care corporations to keep costs low and still make money. Proper implementation of managed mental health care would likely result in high quality, low cost mental health care. Introduction Two decades ago hospitals were for the physically ill and asylums were for the mentally ill. With the stigma fading from mental illness and a movement toward deinstitutionalization, this paradigm of segregation of mental and physical health care does not hold true today. A direct effect of the paradigm shift is a greater willingness on the part of the public to seek help for mental health problems. (Madonna, 2000, 6) Managed care has stepped up to fill the increasing need for inexpensive mental health care coverage. Each year, 52 million Americans have some form of mental health problem and out of those patients 60% are members of a managed care group. (Madonna, 2000, 8) Managed mental health cares successes and failures now bear directly on the mental wellbeing of 32 million particularly vulnerable Americans. Initially managed care was intended to be a comprehensive approach to healthcare that included balancing cost, quality, utilization, and access. We will write a custom essay on The Pros and Cons of Managed Mental Health Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (Madonna, 2000, 23) In theory, this is an optimal approach to the delivery of health care and it has proven somewhat successful in the area of physical health, but it has not provided the same success in the area of mental health. Mental health is still being treated as a separate and less important aspect of health care despite the fact that some mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia, have shown higher success rates than those of common medical procedure, such as angioplasty. (Etheredge, 2002, 6) The Cons First and foremost managed mental health care is a business and good business often prevents good medicine. Theoretically, a well implemented managed care could work well, but in order to make their stockholders happy, managed care companies do not always implement policies to help the patient. An example of this would be the common policy of company personnel making treatment decisions instead of mental health treatment providers. This organization of power raises concerns with patients and treatment providers alike. Historically managed care organizations have not switched mental health patients to less costly forms of treatment, they have just reduced care in general, restricting access to costly medical procedures. (Madonna, 2000, 12) One reason a stigma is placed on forms of managed care, such as health maintenance organizations (HMO), is a highly publicized practice of providing material incentives to doctors to control the amount of costly tests and medications the doctor prescribes. Before providing these material incentives the HMOs would force the doctor to sign a gag rule, preventing the physician from disclosing any information pertaining to the unethical practice. Since the doctors who participated in the bribery can not speak about the practice, there is no way to tell the impact of this practice, but one can assume that many patients received diminished treatment of illnesses, possibly resulting in harm. The Pros It may be hard for most people to believe that there are some pros to the existence of managed care, but this may be because only 8% of the thousands of articles writen about managed mental health care in national publications have a positive influence on the reader. (Bernard ; Shulkin, 1998, p. .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 , .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .postImageUrl , .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 , .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:hover , .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:visited , .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:active { border:0!important; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:active , .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684 .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe70687f390da3155606451f2b682684:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Y2k (1015 words) Essay 2110) Despite the quantity of negative press (some of it is deserved), managed mental health care does have some positive aspects. Rising cost of health care has forced employers to cut back on health care services, mental health care often being the first to go, but managed care can be a viable way to both cut costs and improve the availability of mental health care. Contrary to trends in other areas of healthcare, enrollment in managed behavioral healthcare is expected to increase because of the attractive cost-saving premiums. (Coleman, 2003, p. 36) With an increase in enrollment .

Executive and Legislative Powers essays

Executive and Legislative Powers essays The Executive and Legislative powers of all three NAFTA countries share similarities and differences in their internal relationships. They are fundamentally the highest branches of government for law, policy making and many other roles that heavily influence the every day lives of their citizens. Unlike the United States and Mexico which have adapted democratic systems, Canada governs using a parliamentary style of government This is somewhat essential to the main differences of Canadas relationship between the executive and legislative branches and those relationships of the United States and Mexico. The relationships and powers between these seemingly separate branches are as distinct as the cultures of these nations. As we examine the legislative and executive branches of these nations we see how the placement and displacement of power have greatly influenced their ability to initiate change. The relationship between the executive branch and legislature often influence the decision making abilities of government and vary between the nations of NAFTA in a way that somewhat reflect their different cultures. Canadas parliamentary government is distinguished from the other NAFTA nations by the roles and responsibilities of the executive branch as well as the structure of the legislature. To understand the relationship between these two branches of government we first must understand their composition. The executive branch is comprised essentially of two parts. The Queen or monarch of England retains the power to appoint a Governor General who in turn appoints the other half of the executive, the Prime Minister pending the Queens consent. The Prime Minister represents the majority party in power and acts on behalf of both the crown and party. In the legislature there is again a division of power. While the House of Commons is comprised of democratically elected officials the Senate is appointed by...

How to Use T4 Slips to File Income Taxes

How to Use T4 Slips to File Income Taxes Employers prepare and issue the Canadian T4 tax slip or Statement of Remuneration Paid to inform each employee and the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) how much the employee earned during the previous tax year. The document also records the amount of income tax that was withheld from pay. Employment income includes salary, bonuses, vacation pay, tips, honorariums, commissions, taxable allowances, the value of taxable benefits, and payment in lieu of notice. Youll typically receive three copies of a T4 tax slip- one to attach to your Canadian federal tax return, one to attach to your provincial or territory tax return, and one to keep for your own records. Youll also probably receive more than one T4 tax slip if you had more than one job. The back of each T4 slip explains each item on the document, including which items to report on your income tax return and where, and which items are for Canada Revenue Agency use only. Deadline for T4 Tax Slips T4 tax slips must be issued by the last day of February in the year after the calendar year to which they apply. For example, you should receive your T4 tax slip for 2018 earnings by February 28, 2019. Filing T4 Tax Slips With Your Income Tax Return Include copies of each T4 tax slip you receive when you file a paper income tax return. If you file your tax return electronically using NETFILE or EFILE, keep copies of your T4 tax slips with your records for six years just in case the CRA asks to see them. Missing T4 Tax Slips If you havent received a T4 slip, file your income tax return by the deadline anyway to avoid penalties for filing your taxes late. Calculate the income and any related deductions and credits you can claim as closely as possible based on the information you do have. Include copies of any statements or employment stubs you use to calculate your income and deductions as well as a note listing your employers name and address, the type of income you received, and whatever steps youve taken to get a copy of the missing T4 slip. Youre required to ask your employer for a copy of your T4 before filing your return,  so make sure to allow enough time to do this. Tax returns are due to the CRA by April 30 unless that day falls on a weekend or a holiday, in which case returns are due the following business day. For 2018 earnings, taxes must be filed no later than April 30, 2019. If you need a T4 slip for a previous tax year, try checking the My Account service or calling the CRA at 800-959-8281. Other T4 Tax Information Slips Other T4 tax information slips include: T4A:  Statement of Pension, Retirement, Annuity, and Other IncomeT4A(OAS):  Statement of Old Age SecurityT4A(P):  Statement of Canada Pension Plan BenefitsT4E:  Statement of Employment Insurance and Other BenefitsT4RIF:  Statement of Income From a Registered Retirement Income FundT4RSP:  Statement of RRSP Income

Why new cars are better then old cars Research Paper

Why new cars are better then old cars - Research Paper Example This is because of the fact that new cars are far better and cheaper than the old cars. Indian car manufacturer, TATA group recently world’s cheapest passenger car NANO, priced only $ 2000. Even though, prices are coming down, the quality and reliability, safety features, performances, fuel efficiency, comfort levels etc of the current cars are far superior to that of the old cars. This paper briefly analyzes why new cars are better than the old cars. â€Å"Anybody with a car older than three years should be tucking aside $50 a month for repairs and maintenance† (Toups). Old cars cause many problems to the drivers on the road. Occasional engine failures, battery failures, clutch problems, break problems, accelerator problems etc are some of them. The old car owner may force to spend a substantial amount of money for as the repairing cost. On the other hand new cars cause little problems to the driver. The performances of new cars are far better than the old cars. New ca rs were given lot of importance not only to the performance, but also for the safety of the passengers. For example, airbags are one of the safety measures introduced in new cars. Airbags help the passengers to save their life when the car accidents occur. Older cars had no such facility to protect the passenger lives. Airbags will be inflated at the time of accidents and it will shield the passengers from big collisions which can cause severe injuries. Apart from the driver and the front seat passenger, current cars have airbags even for the back seat passengers. The number of air bags has been increased from one to more than 10 at present for some of the advanced cars. Moreover, it is easy for the driver to apply brake smoothly and effectively on new cars compared to the older cars because of the advancements in the braking technologies developed by car manufacturers. â€Å"Today’s automobiles are sophisticated electronically controlled machines† (Erjavec,p.3). Elect ronics has given immense contributions to human life and automobile sector is one area in which electronics brought tremendous changes. Most of the older cars were operated manually by the driver. For example, for raising or lowering the window glasses, the driver forced to put lot of manual efforts in old cars. On the other hand, pressing a switch will help the driver to raise or lower the window glasses in new cars. The fuel tank, dickey etc can also be opened with the help of some switches in the new cars. Global positioning system is another electronically controlled modification in new cars. It helps the drivers to identify routes and locate the places. The computers inside the current cars are even capable of taking the control of the vehicle if the driver accidently sleeps while driving. Moreover, the current car equipments can even measure the alcohol levels in the body of the driver and advice the driver whether to proceed with the driving or not. Such facilities were not t here in the older cars. In short, the reliability of the current cars is far more superior to the older cars. Current cars are more fuel efficient than the older cars. The technology has improved a lot so that some of the current cars give even more than 25miles per gallon (Mpg) of petrol. Most of the older cars were delivering fuel efficiency less than 10 Mpg. Petrol or diesel is necessary for driving a car. However, the availability of petrol or diesel is getting decreased day by day because of the increased usages. Americans faced the effects of oil crisis in the seventies. The energy crisis of the seventies started in October 1973 when OPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) and some other Arab countries declared an oil embargo upon United States in

Course assignement - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Course assignement - - Essay Example In addition, mass migration may lead to epidemics of communicable diseases particularly when populations residing in areas of low disease endemicity pass through or into areas of high endemicity during the course of their migration. Examples of epidemics of malaria among refugees with low levels of acquired malaria immunity include Afghan refugees in Pakistan (1980) and Bhutanese refugees in Nepal (1992) (Noji, 1997). The primary focus of communicable disease surveillance is given to early detection of epidemics with the potential to increase rates of morbidity and mortality. One of the main problems encountered in this field is a lack of a common terminology. There has been a general push among those who work within organizations engaged in communicable disease surveillance to develop a common case definition to be used by all in order to provide the necessary consistency in reporting worldwide. There are a number of communicable disease control activities that have been developed including vector control, screening of food handlers, water supply testing, and immunization coverage all before any disease is discovered. Other activities such as screening of contact cases, community mobilization, epidemic source identification and the equipping of laboratories and reagents can be used as a means of containing disease. In all of these, training must be provided well ahead of time and implemented in a timely way among the refugees and internally displaced people’s semi-long-term settlements. Perhaps this hasn’t yet been accomplished because the issue is much more daunting than the simple statement of the problem. Case definitions are required for each health event / disease / syndrome. Contributing to the solution, WHO (World Health Organization) has developed and recommended some standard case definitions, but to be

Assessment Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology Essay

Assessment Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology Essay Resorts in the province of Cavite are recognized for its reputable recreational waters. These resorts are intended to provide prospective customers with an atmosphere of amusement, entertainment and relaxation. The most common types are beach resorts, swimming pool, and even lakes and rivers which are designed to accommodate individuals, group of peers and family members (Bago and Linantud 2004). Also recreational waters offer activities that are beneficial and substantial to overall health. Recreational waters can be contaminated and polluted by bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites (Bitton 1999), although the recreational water is normally treated physically and chemically using filtration and chlorination to prevent growth and infection of some bacteria (Montano and Abear 2000). However there are was an increasing number of cases of acute gastroenteritis during this summer and one group of microbes leading to their disease are enteric bacteria. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonass aeruginosa that are resistant and tolerant to chlorine and were known to cause human misery (Mann 2005). Enteric Bacteria are said to be notorious and dangerous because they cause recreational water illness like acute gastroenteritis, cholera, pneumonia, typoid fever, diarrhea, urinary infection, pneumonia, dermatitis, salmonellosis and otitis external these disease leads to outbreaks (Yoder 2008). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among those bacteria that can thrive in recreational waters and transmitted from swallowing and inhaling contaminated water before the microorganisms can be destroyed by pool water disinfectant (Barwicks et al. 1999). Also their resiliency to grow in some disinfectants like chlorine because they are capsulated bacteria and they possess a versatile metabolic activity, which makes gives them the resistance to a variety of physical conditions (Cappuccino 2005). The presence of these organisms in dicates contamination by pathogenic microorganism. Most waterborne diseases are related to pollution of water resources sources and thus pose an unacceptable health risk for swimmers (Schets et al. 2010). Therefore the need to examine water samples in a microbiological water aspect is essential to ensure safety to swimmers. This study is conducted to support if the selected resorts in Cavite whether chlorinated and non-chlorinate is contaminated with pathogenic microorganism that can lead to potential waterborne diseases. 1.2 Conceptual Framework The water districts ensure the potability of drinking water by increasing the concentration of Chlorine (Yoder 2008). This potable drinking water were also used in resorts. Monthly sampling of water samples in pools render negative in enteric bacteria. However there is an increasing cases of gastroenteritis for the past year. The paradigm of the present study is as follows : Microbial Status in Chlorinated and non- chlorinated waters from selected resorts Water samples from resorts (pools, streams, rivers and beaches) ed The objective of this study is to gather different water samples obtained from selected resorts and determine the microbial status regardless of its chlorine concentration levels. 1.3 Statement of the Problem This study will aim to determine the microbial status in selected resorts in Cavite. To determine specifically the following objectives: 1. What is the microbial status jpresent in chlorinated and non -chlorinated water in selected resorts in Cavite? 2. Is there a significant difference in the total count of enteric bacteria and total bacteria among chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters in selected resorts in Cavite? 3. Is there a correlation between chlorine concentration in the resorts and water samples in lakes, rivers and beaches? 1.4 Scope and Delimitation The study will determine microbial status in selected resorts in Cavite, Province. Water samples will be taken from these selected resorts and chlorine content concentration will be determined using chlorine test kits. It is not the aim of the study to apply antibacterial agent in enteric bacteria recovered from water analysis. 1.5 Significance of the Study This study is designed to find out the microbial status on the selected resorts in Cavite, Philippines. This research hopes to benefit the following concerned population: Resort clientele to be more concerned to the areas that they went to and be prepared since traditional vaccines are not reliable in killing these bacteria because they are risky and are only effective after several years. Resort Administrators and Maintenance personnel for the enhancement of facilities of the swimming pool to promote the preventive measures against proliferation of microorganism which are recognized to be health risk problems and compliance to the water quality standards. Academe who may use this as preliminary information for their future research endeavors and information in survival of bacteria in different environmental conditions. 1.6 Definition of Terms Microbial status this refers to the bacteria present in chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters from selected resorts. Prevalence the number of samples that rendered positive in culture method over the total number of samples. Enteric Bacteria these are large group of gram-negative bacteria that are known to produce disease in the alimentary tract. Enteric bacteria that survived in chlorinated waters of resorts. Resorts it is considered to be swimming pools, streams, river, lakes and beaches with chlorine. Microbial Density- The population or the measurement of the growth of the bacteria. Microbial Plating- This refers technique used to isolate a pure  strain  from a single species of microorganism plating method that will be performed in laboratory. Total Bacteria bacteria other than enteric bacteria. API Kit- This refers to the biochemical test that will determine the isolated bacteria from water samples. Chlorination- this is a water purification method to make water safe to humans and a disinfecting agent that prevents the spread the spread of waterborne diseases Chlorine test kit- This refers to the chemical test that will determine the chlorine concentration level of water. Chromogenic Media This refers to the culturing media that will determine the present bacteria in water. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW LITERATURES 2.1 Conceptual Literatures Recreational water Recreational waters can be classified as fresh water swimming pools, whirlpools and naturally occurring fresh marine surface waters. Infectious disease which can be transmitted by recreational water includes skin, eye and ear infections and gastroenteritis. Consequently the level of microorganism in recreational water are important for indexing their health hazard associated with swimming and since the recreation classification includes bathing, swimming etc. any organism transmitted to humans can be regulated. The best indicators in the assessment of the safety of swimming pool water is to become aware of the types of hazard (microbiological, chemical and physical) that can impact a bathing area. Some researchers emphasize that the microbiological quality of swimming pools are best measure by identifying the bacteria present in that recreational water such as fecal coliform and enterococci, while others consider that the disease and symptoms it brought to the bathers rather than fec al contamination (Martin et al. 1995). (Montano and Abear 2000) cited that the bacteria suggested as indicators of recreational water quality include a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria and non-pathogenic microorganism such as coliform groups, species of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and in rare case Legionella. The presence of single coliform organism is not a ground for condemning water as a unit for human consumption. It is the relative abundance of these organisms, which is important. According to Papadopoulou et al. (2007) cited that non-fecal human shedding (e.g. from vomit, mucus, saliva or skin) in the swimming pool is also a potential source of pathogenic organism. Bathers who are already infected can directly contaminate pool waters with pathogen which may affect other bathers, who come in contact with the contaminated water. Opportunistic pathogens (mainly bacteria) can also be shed from user and transmitted via contaminated water. Also certain free living aquatic bacteria and amoebae can possibly grow not just in pool waters but also with pool components or facilities or on other wet surfaces within the facility which may cause infections or disease. Therefore swimming pools are often associated with outbreaks or incidents of waterborne infection. Murdoch(1975) as cited by Amador and Amante (2001) mentioned that disease contracted from water kill some 25million people, most of them children each year, while many millions more are debilitated by waterborne diseases. Fecal contamination of water can introduce a variety pathogens into water waste, including bacteria, viruses, protozoans and parasitic worms. Waterborne related diseases have been recognized by Classes. Class 1, refers to the true waterborne disease contracted by drinking water. Class 2 are diseases associated with lack of personal hygiene which can be reduced by providing adequate amount of water for bathing and washing. To control such diseases, people should be provided with sufficient water of reasonable quality; achieving a high bacteriological quality is a secondary consideration. Enteric bacteria A large, heterogenous group in the family Enterobacteriaceae, include several closely related genera of short and spore forming, gram-negative rods, facultative anaerobic, that inhabit or produce disease in the alimentary tract of warm-blooded animal. This family are notorious as causes of urinary tract infection and are recovered from a variety of clinical specimens taken from diseased foci other than in the gastrointestinal tract. The enterobacteria are probably responsible for more human misery than any other group.(Smith 2008) Escherichia coli It is a gram negative rod shaped bacterium. It was originally known as bacterium coli. It is widely distributed in the intestine of humans and warm- blooded animals and is the predominant facultative anaerobe in the bowel part of the essential intestinal flora that maintains the physiology of the healthy host. The presence of E.coli is associated with bather-associated illness, but its absence cannot be equated with the lack of risk of illness (Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality available at http://www.ecy.wa.gov1992). Pathogenicity performs coliform bacilli usually do no penetrate intestinal wall to produce disease unless (1) the intestinal wall becomes diseased, (2) resistance of the host is lowered, or (3) virulence of the organism is greatly increased. Under one of these conditions of coliforms may pass to abdominal cavity or enter into the bloodstream. Once outside the intestinal canal and in the tissues of the body their virulence is remarkably enhanced. Among the diseases that they cause are pyelonephritis, cystitis, cholecystitis, abscesses, peritonitis, and meningitis. They may play a part in the formation of gallstones and are found in the cores of such stones. In peritonitis complicating intestinal perforation the coliform group is joined by such organisms as streptococci and staphylococci. From any focus of inflammation coliform organism may enter the bloodstream to produce a septicaemia. (Smith 2008) Shigella Dysentery caused by the Shiga bacillus (Shigella dysenteriae) is much more severe than that from the other organisms, since this bacillus produces a powerful exotoxin- like substance in addition to an endotoxin. The exotoxin- like substance seems to be liberated by bacterial disintegration, and as a neurotoxin, It acts on the nervous system to paralyze the host. The endotoxin irritates the intestinal canal. The dysentery bacilli are gram negative, nonsporebearing rods that grow on all ordinary media at temperatures from 10 ° to 42 ° C. but best at 37 ° C they are aerobic and facultative anaerobic. Unlike most other members most other member of the enteric group, they are non-motile. In terms of pathogenicity dysentery is a human disease and natural infections of the lower animals do not occur. The incubation period is 1 to 7 days. Epidemic dysentery is primarily an intestinal infection. Unlike typhoid bacilli, the organisms do no invade the bloodstream and are seldom if ever found in the internal organs or excreted in the urine. They are excreted in the feces. Compared to that for other enteric pathogen, the number of ingested shigellas for infection is small, only 10 to 100. (Smith 2008) Salmonella Among the large number of pathogenic microorganisms causing foodborne disease, Salmonella plays an important role. An analysis of Salmonella surveillance data from the World Health Organization (WHO) showed that the reported number of cases increased in 22 out of 49 countries examined. Although the reason for the global increase is not yet clear, investigations in individual countries suggest that it is related to consumption of eggs and poultry that harbour the organism. Besides control measures there is a need for rapid and sensitive methods for the detection of Salmonella (Beumer et. al, 1991). Salmonella is a ubiquitous enteric pathogen with a worldwide distribution that comprises large number of serovars characterized by different host specificity and distribution. This microorganism is one of the leading causes of intestinal illness through the world as well as the etiological agent of more severe systemic diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Zoonotic salmonellae are commonly described as foodborne pathogens however; drinking water as well as natural waters is known to be an important source for the transmission of these enteric microorganisms. Salmonella, just like other enteric bacteria, is spread by the fecal-oral route of contamination. This microorganism can enter the aquatic environment directly with feces of infected humans or animals or indirectly, e.g., via sewage discharge or agricultural land run off. Overall Salmonella spp. and subspecies can be found in a large variety of vertebrates. Beside humans, animal sources of Salmonella include pets, farm animals and wild animals; calves, poultry, pigs, sheep as well as wild bird (pigeon) and reptiles can all be reservoirs of Salmonella. Plants, insects and algae were also found capable of harboring Salmonella and might be implicated in the transmission of this enteric pathogen. Taxonomically the genus Salmonella comprises two species namely S. bongori and S. enterica. The species S. enterica is further differentiated in to six subspecies (enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, indica and houtenae) among which the S. enterica subspecies enterica is mainly associated to human and other warm blooded vertebrates. Enteric fevers, typhoid and paratyphoid fever are severe, contagious systemic diseases caused by the infection of the serovars typhi and Paratyphi. Differently from other Salmonella serovars, typhi and Paratyphi are host adapted and can only infect humans; stools of infected persons are therefore the original source of contaminations for these pathogens. Water contaminated with feces of human cases and carriers is one of the main vehicles of typhoid fever infections. Literature data related to water-borne salmonellae in developing countries relate mostly the typhoid Salmonella serovars. In the less industrialized area of the world, in particular in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers occur both in epidemic and endemic form, and remain a major public health problem. The burden of typhoid fever worldwide is further compounded by the spread of multiple drug resistant S. typhi. Most of the recent publications on typhoid and paratyphoid fever water-borne infections in developing countries are from the Asian continent. Differently from typhoidal Salmonella strains, non-typhoidal salmonellae, the ubiquitous subtypes found in a number of animal species, are more frequently associated to foodborne than to water-borne transmission. These zoonotic Salmonella serovars tend to cause acute but usually self-limiting gastroenteritis (Levantesi et al, 2011). According to (Smith 2008)The pathogenicity of salmonella is called salmonellosis, the major site of which the lining of the intestinal tract. Because of their toxic properties every known strain of salmonella can cause anyone three types of salmonellosis: (1) acute gastroenteritis of the food type infection.(2) septicemia or acute sepsis with localized complications similar to pyogenic infections, and (3) enteric fever such as typhoid or paratyphoid fevers. Salmonella typhi A short motile nonencapsulated bacillus, S.typhi grows luxuriantly on all ordinary media. It grows best under aerobic conditions bit may grow anaerobically. The temperature range growth is from 4 ° to 40 °C., the optimum, 37 °C. typhoid bacilli can survive outside the body, living about 1 week in sewage contaminated water and not only living but multiplying in milk. They may be viable in fecal matter for 1 or 2 months. They are pathogenic because of their endotoxins. Their pathogenicity causes typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease with continuous fever, skin eruptions, bowel disturbances, and profound toxemia. Except in the first few days, leukopenia is always present in uncomplicated cases, probably because typhoid bacilli depress the bone marrow, where normal production of white blood cells occurs. Leukocytosis in the course of the disease signals complication. (Smith 2008) 2.2 Related Studies According to Brown (2009), gram-negative intestinal pathogens have a diverse population of bacteria of which two of the enteric intestinal pathogens that are of prime medical concern are the salmonella and shigella. The salmonella and shigella are both pathogenic bacteria that cause typhoid fever and human dysentery, respectively. Since the gram-negative intestinal pathogens has a such diverse population it has many genera of species like the Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Clostridium that exists on large numbers, hence it is necessary to use media that are differential and selective to favor the growth of the pathogens since all of the species can be divided into lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting bacteria. Hiriart et al. (2001) worked on the Helicobacter pylori and Other Enteric Bacteria in Freshwater Environments in Mexico City. They observed that all samples analyzed showed the presence of enteric bacteria with or without the presence of H. pylori, indicating that water from these sources is a potential health risk for gastrointestinal diseases. The major positivity of H. pylori coincides with the major positivity of indicator and other enteric bacteria, which are both associated with contaminated water. In another study Marion et al. (2010) worked on the association gastrointestinal illness and recreational water exposure at an inland U.S beach. Relationships between water quality indicators and reported adverse health outcomes among users of a beach at an inland U.S lake was observed to be a significant risk factor for GI illness. . Papadopoulo et al.(2008) worked on the microbial quality of indoor and outdoor swimming pools in greece. They found out that three indoor swimming pools and two outdoor swimming are present with bacteria, protozoa and fungi Such as Multi-resistant Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Leuconostoc, and staphyloccus aureus( isolated from teaching pool), Staphylococcus werneri. Chryseobacterium indologenes and Ochrobactrum anthropic (isolated from completion pools) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterbacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonia and S. aureus (isolated from the hydrotherapy pool and A. hydrophilla (isolated from the hotel pool) were related to water outbreaks. Schets et al. (2010) worked on the exposure assessments for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools. they found out that the swallowed volume or water appears different for men, women, and children, but also in fresh water, seawater and swimming pools also the frequency and duration of swimming do also differ for men, women, and children and in different water types, and provide a basis for the identification of high risk population under specific circumstances, e.g. due to their extended water contact and frequent head submersions, children may be more prone to contract otitis external due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Certainly a waterborne infection depends on the total bacterial counts, the immune status of the subjects, and polluted waters. The results of the past studies demonstrate the variability of the recreational water quality and the need for continuous monitoring. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Research Design This study will use descriptive study design that involves in the identification of enteric bacteria in selected resorts in the Cavite province. There will be 20 sampling sites, 10 from swimming pools, 5 from rivers or lakes and 5 from beaches. In every sampling site there will be a total of 1 sample that will be gathered and it will be replicated into three and a total of 60 sterilized bottles with cover will be used for the 4-month period of experiment that will be done during the summer season and the rainy season. Research Setting The entire study will be conducted for 12 weeks. The identification of total bacteria and enteric bacteria will be done in Biology Research Laboratory of DLSU-D. Research Procedure Water Sample Collection (MicroMed Environmental, 2010) Sterilized 300ml wide-mouthed glass will be used in the collection of samples. Water samples will be obtained from recreational waters. The sterile containers will be plunge into the water surface until 1 foot below. Then open the bottle towards the direction of the current to allow the container to fill. Afterwards, it will be immediately sealed tightly and placed on a cooler to maintain the temperature. The samples will be obtained during the months of april and june of 2012. The chlorine concentration will also be measured using Hach Test Kit for chlorine. Chromogenic Media for Bacteria Undiluted samples will be used in the determination of total bacteria. Briefly one milliliter of sample will be spread plated onto Plate Count Agar. The plates will be incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Colonies that will grow will be converted into colony forming units and will be correlated to chlorine concentration and compared to enteric bacteria. For the detection of enteric bacteria the samples will be enriched in buffered peptone water for 24 hours. After 24 hours the enriched samples will be spread plated onto Salmonella-Shigella Agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Colonies resembling to enteric bacteria will be purified and confirmed using API 20E kit. Determination of the Microbial Count (BioMà ©rieux, 2002) Preparation of incubation box and inoculum will be done for the strip. In the inoculation of the strip, filling both tube and cupule of tests CIT, VP and GEL with bacterial suspension as for the remaining tests fill only the tube and not the cupule. In creating anaerobiosis ADH, LDC, ODC, H2S and URE should be overlay with mineral oil. The incubation box will be incubated for 37 °C for 24 hours. Certain color reactions will happen for the indication of positive or negative result. Data Gathering Colonies in the EMBA and PCA will be characterized using colonial characterization which includes size, form, margin, elevation, consistency, surface and pigmentation (Tabo, 2005). Biochemical test include ONPG, ADH, LDC, ODC, CIT, H2S, URE, TDA, IND, VP, GEL, GLU, MAN, INO, SOR, RHA, SAC, MEL, AMY, ARA, OX. The chlorine concentration will be measured in 0-600 mg/L. Statistical Treatment To determine the correlation between chlorine concentration and total bacteria and enteric bacteria, a simple correlation will be used. All statistical analysis will be conducted in STATA 9.0 with 0.05 as level of significance. APPENDIX A GANTT CHART APPENDIX B BUDGET PROPOSAL Item Volume/Mass Estimated Price (PhP) Quantity Expense (PhP) EQUIPMENTS AND KITS Biomerieux Inc Biomerieux API 20E KIT 100g Pack of 100 20160 13000.00 1 13000.00 Hachs Chlorine Test Strips, 0-600mg/L Pack of 2890200 876.31 1 876.31 AGARS Salmonella-Shigella Agar 50 g 500.00 1 500.00 Eosin Methylene Blue Agar 50 g 500.00 1 500.00 Plate Count Agar 500.00 1 500.00 TOTAL 15376.31 APPENDIX C LETTER TO THE HOSPITAL March 13, 2012 Ms. Teresita E. Guevarra Medical Records Head De La Salle University Medical Center Dear Ms. Guevarra: Greetings in the name of St. John Baptist De La Salle! We are writing to ask permission from you in getting information that we will need for our thesis defense on the upcoming December 2012. We are Human Biology major students from De La Salle University-Dasmarià ±as and we are going to conduct a study regarding the possible prevalence of enteric bacteria in selected resorts in Dasmarià ±as, Cavite. Regarding this, we would like to request for the following information: Reported cases of salmonellosis and acute gastroenteritis in this hospital for the last two years (2010 and 2011) We are hoping for your positive response towards our request. If ever the information we need will not be available today, you may contact us at 09164745448 and 09272546946. Thank you very much for your time. Sincerely, Ron Matthew A. Flores John Paul A. Flores Noted by: ____________________ _____________________ Mrs. Hazel Ann L. Tabo Dr. Carmelita C. Cervillon BSD Faculty, DLSU-D (Thesis Adviser) College Dean, DLSU-D _____________________ Ms Cherry Z. Cuevas, MS BSD Chair, DLSU-D APPENDIX D COLOR REACTION TESTS RESULTS (negative) + RESULTS (positive) ONPG colorless yellow ADH Yellow red/orange LDC Yellow red/orange ODC Yellow red/orange CIT pale green/yellow blue-green/blue H2S colorless/gray black deposit URE Yellow red/orange TDA Yellow brown-red IND Yellow red (2 min.) VP colorless pink/red (10 min.) GEL no diffusion of black black diffuse GLU blue/blue-green yellow MAN blue/blue-green yellow INO blue/blue-green yellow SOR blue/blue-green yellow RHA blue/blue-green yellow SAC blue/blue-green yellow MEL blue/blue-green yellow AMY blue/blue-green yellow ARA blue/blue-green yellow OX colorless/yellow violet LITERATURE CITED Amador RM, Amante PP. Detection and isolation of coliform bacteria in Laguna de Bay Brgy. Landayan San Pedro Laguna; 2001. p.67. Bago CEM, Linantud JF, Ortiz MP. Stability and Profitability of Resort Business in Dasmarinas, Cavite. 2004. P.1-2-ix-29. Barwicks RS., Levy DA., Craun GF., Beach MJ., Calderon RL. 2000. Surveillance for water borne-Disease Outbreaks-united-states ,1997-1998 CDC Brown, A. E. 2005. Bensons Microbiological Applications 9th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York. Beumer, R.R., et al., 1991. Enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of Salmonella spp.: a comparison with other methods, Elsevier Science Publisher, B.V. 0168-1605/91 Carteciano JA., 2004. Four Emerging Bacteria: So Tiny, So deadly. National Research Council of the Philippines. Hammer Sr. M, Hammer Jr. M. Water and waste water technology. New Jersey; 2004.p.140 Levantesi, C., et al., 2011.Salmonella in surface and drinking water: Occurrence and water-mediated transmission, Food Research International, doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.037; Mann, D. Beware of Recreational Water Illnesses, WebMD. [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2011 December 28]. Available from HYPERLINK http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/beware-of-recreational-water-illnesses Marion, J., et al., 2010.Association of Gastrointestinal illness and recreational water exposure at inland U.S beach, water research international; Martin, M., et al., 1995.Assessment of microbiology quality for swimming pools in South America. MicroMed Environmental, Inc. [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 March 25]. Available from HYPERLINK http://www.igmicromed.com/docs.html Montano JM, Abear R. 2000.Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relation to microbial population of selected swimming pools in dasmarinas cavite. De la Salle University Dasmarinas. p.52. Schets F., et al., Exposure Assessment of swimmers in bathing water and swimming pools, water research. 2010. Tabo, Norbel A. 2005. Laboratory Manual in Microbiology, Rex Bookstore Inc, Manila. p. 63-67 Yoder JS., Hlavasa MC., Craun GF., Hill V., Roberts V., Yu PA., Hicks LA., Alexander NT., Calderon RL., Roy SL., and Beach MJ.2008. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility- associated health events-united states 2005-2006- CDC.